Guide for Improving Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness in Indonesia

Threats to coastal and marine environment in Indonesia and other countries in Southeast Asia have never been higher. Such threats stem from a growing coastal development on coastal ecosystems, the desire and demand for marine products internationally and the associated trade of goods and services, and now the pending impacts of climate change on both ecosystems and human communities. These threats and their impacts emphasize the need for management and conservation of coastal areas, ecosystems and the resources that people depend upon. One of the key strategies being promoted throughout Indonesia and the region to address these problems is the design and implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) and networks of MPAs.