Identification and gap analysis of key biodiversity areas: targets for comprehensive protected area systems

In this chapter we provide a brief introduction to how protected area systems have evolved – from the historical 10% representation target to our current recognition that gap analyses are required to assess where these protected areas best safeguard, or should safeguard, our planet’s biodiversity. We summarize recent intergovernmental mandates that call for strategic assessment of the effectiveness of protected area networks, and we introduce the concept of KBAs as a tool for fulfilling these mandates.